Article 1(1) defines discrimination to include "(a) any distinction, exclusion or preference made on the basis of race, colour, sex, religion, political opinion, national extraction or social origin, which has the effect of nullifying or impairing equality of opportunity or treatment in employment or occupation; (b) such other distinction, exclusion or preference which has the effect of nullifying or impairing equality of opportunity or treatment in employment or occupation as may be determined by the Member concerned after consultation with representative employers' and workers

This convention lays down rules and principles relating to the nationality of natural persons. Article 5 of the Convention prohibits discrimination on the ground of sex, religion, race, colour, national or ethnic origin in the rules governing nationality. It also prohibits discrimination between people who have acquired nationality upon birth and those whose have acquired nationality subsequently.

This declaration requires states to protect the existence and identities of minorities. It also calls upon states to encourage the promotion of national or ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic identities. Under Article 2(1) of this declaration, minorities shall have the right to practice their religion, enjoy their culture and use their own language in both public and private settings without any kind of discrimination.

This is the PILI case summary of the United Nations Commitee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination decision Habassi v. Denmark (Communication No 10/1997: Denmark. 06/04/99CERD/C/54/D/10/1997).

This is the PILI case summary of the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination decision Diop v. France (Communication No. 2/1989: France. 10/05/91 CERD/C/39/D/2/1989).

This is the PILI case summary of the United Nations Human Rights Committee Communication Gillot et al v. France (Communication No 932/2000 France. 26/07/2002.CCPR/C/75/D/932/2000.

This is the PILI case summary of the European Court of Human Rights case of Moustaquim v. Belgium (Application No. 12313/86).

This Green Paper on "Equality and non-discrimination in an enlarged EU", adopted by the European Commission on 26 May, outlines the steps that the EU has already taken to ban discrimination in employment and beyond. It identifies areas where further action is required to ensure that people across the enlarged EU can benefit from these new rights, as well as a range of practical measures that could support the efforts of national authorities, civil society and other stakeholders.

This protocol amends provisions of the European Social Charter relating to monitoring state compliance with the Charter.

This is a report of the European Commission written by Professor O. De Schutter. The report "offers an overview of the protection from discrimination under the 1950 European Convention on Human Rights and the 1961 European Social Charter as well as the 1996 Revised European Social Charter, which are the main human rights treaties of the Council of Europe.