Article 1 of this Convention defines discrimination in education to include acts or omissions that have the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing equality of treatment in education, in particular, (a) the effect of depriving any person or group of persons of access to education of any type or at any level; (b) of limiting any person or group of persons to education of an inferior standard; (c) subject to the provisions of article 2 of this Convention, of establishing or maintaining separate educational systems or institutions for persons or groups of persons; or (d) of inflicting on any person or group of persons conditions which are incompatible with the dignity of man." It was adopted by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization on 14 December 1960 and entered into force on 22 May 1962.