The Comment updates the previous Comment on Article 3 (see CCPR General Comment 4: Equality between the sexes), under which States Parties are obligated to ensure enjoyment of rights without any discrimination and harmonize national legislation with the Covenant. This Comment emphasizes the obligation of States Parties to take all necessary steps in order to prohibit and prevent violations of the rights of women. It also emphasizes that religious or traditional attitudes are not a legitimate defense of such violations. The Comment addresses, inter alia, the protection of women and their human rights during times of war, protection from rape and other gender-specific forms of violence, human trafficking, polygamy and pornography. It also requires that States Parties report on the measures they have taken to eliminate and prohibit discrimination against women and also to address certain health issues specific to women.