List of files matching your search

Date
15th Jul 2008

Summary
This is an Equal Rights Trust introductory article. This article introduces and critically examines various international, regional and national laws which combat discrimination on the grounds of disability. It also examines various legal concepts that are related to this ground of discrimination.

Countries

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Disability

Date
10th Aug 2010

Summary
This is an interview article with David Kuria of the Gay and Lesbian Coalition of Kenya. It was published in Volume 5 of The Equal Rights Review.

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / Kenya

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sexual Orientation

Date
27th Jan 1994

Summary
This is a case summary of the Belgian Court of Arbitration's decision in the case of A. Asztalos v. L’Office national des pensions.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Belgium

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Social Assistance
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
8th Sept 2005

Summary
This is a case summary of the decision of the Federal Magistartes Court of Australia in the case of AB v New South Wales.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Australia

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Education
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards

Date
5th May 1988

Summary
This protocol includes provisions that address the needs of specific groups of people. Article 1 requires state parties to recognize the principle of equal treatment and equal opportunities in the field of employment without discrimination on the ground of sex. Article 4 provides for the right of elderly people to social protection, including the "provision of information about services and facilities available for elderly persons and their opportunities to make use of them" (Art.4(1(b)).

Countries

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Health
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Social Assistance
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Age

Date
9th Nov 1995

Summary
This protocol provides for a collective complaint mechanism under which certain kinds of organizations specified in Article 1 or national organizations specified in Article 2 of this additional protocol can file complaints against state parties to the protocol for non-compliance with the provisions of the Charter. It may be noted that unlike the European Court of Human Rights, individuals cannot file complaints. The Committee of Independent Experts, who is responsible for examining each complaint and deciding on its merits, considers the complaints.

Countries

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Disability
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Health
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Social Assistance
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds

Date
30th Jul 2008

Summary
This is an ERT case summary of the decision by the New Zealand Court of Appeal in the case of Air New Zealand Ltd v. McAlister.

Countries
Geographical Location / M - R / New Zealand

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Age
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Exceptions

Date
21st Apr 1990

Summary
This is the full text, in French only, of Law No. 90-11 on Business Contacts enacted by Algeria. It was adopted on 21 April 1990 and has been in effect since that date.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Algeria

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Age
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds

Date
6th Mar 1997

Summary
This is the full text of the Electoral Code, enacted through Ordinance No 97-07 by Algeria. The Code was enacted on 6 March 1997, and the Code has been in effect since then.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Algeria

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
22nd Apr 1971

Summary
This is the full text, in French only, of the Penal Code of Algeria. It was adopted on 22 April 1971 and has been in force since that date.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Algeria

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds

Date
1st Dec 1996

Summary
This is an ERT case summary of the New Zealand Complaints Review Tribunal decision in the case of Amaltal Fishing Company Ltd v. Nelson Polytechnic.

Countries
Geographical Location / M - R / New Zealand

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Education
Issues / Positive Action

Date
6th Jul 2009

Summary
This is the testimony from a man with mental disabilities in Nigeria. It was published in volume three of The Equal Rights Review.

Countries
Geographical Location / M - R / Nigeria

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Disability

Date
16th Feb 2010

Summary
This document outlines Brazilian and regional jurisprudence on racial discrimination in employment.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Brazil

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Harassment
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Instruction to discriminate
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)
Issues / Positive Action
Issues / Exceptions

Date
14th Feb 2008

Summary
This is a case summary of the Belgian Constitutional Court's decision in the case of Arrêt no 12/2008.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Belgium

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Education

Date
5th Oct 2005

Summary
This is a case summary of the Belgian Constitutional Court's decision in the case of Arrêt no. 152/2005.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Belgium

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Age
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion

Date
6th Oct 2004

Summary
This is a case summary of the Belgian Constitutional Court's decision in the case of Arrêt no. 157/2004.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Belgium

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds

Date
16th Mar 2006

Summary
This is a case summary of the the Belgian Correctional Tribunal in Brussels' decision in the case of Arrêt of 16 March 2006.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Belgium

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Incitement
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion

Date
7th Jul 1976

Summary
This is the full text of the Ethnic Groups Act, enacted by Austria. It was adopted on 7 July 1976.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Austria

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination

Date
3rd Jul 1973

Summary
This is the full text of the Federal Constitutional Act, enacted by Austria.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Austria

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards

Date
26th Oct 1955

Summary
This is the full text of the Federal Constitutional Law, enacted by Austria. Chapter VIII sets out the date of entry into force of the different provisions contained in the Law.

Countries

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Disability
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions

Date
19th Aug 2005

Summary
This is a case summary of the Federal Court of Australia's decision in the case of Baird v Queensland.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Australia

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds

Date
6th Jul 2009

Summary
This is an article by David C. Baluarte entitled Detention at Guantanamo Bay and the Creation of a New Brand of Statelessness. It was published in volume three of The Equal rights Review.

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / USA

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
6th Nov 2009

Summary
This document outlines legislation in Belgium that prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation in the field of employment. We are grateful to DLA Piper for preparing this document on a pro bono basis. Their contribution is extremely relevant to disseminating information on equality and anti-discrimination laws.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Belgium

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sexual Orientation

Date
6th Nov 2009

Summary
Part A of this document outlines provisions of the Constitution of Belgium that address discrimination on the basis of race and national origin (in French, Dutch, German and English versions of the Constitution). Part B provides links to the text of the Constitution in each of its four versions. We are grateful to DLA Piper for preparing this document on a pro bono basis. Their contribution is extremely relevant to disseminating information on equality and anti-discrimination laws.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Belgium

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Harassment
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Incitement
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Instruction to discriminate
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds

Date
6th Nov 2009

Summary
This document outlines legislation in Belgium that prohibits discrimination on the basis of race and national origin in the provision of goods and services. We are grateful to DLA Piper for preparing this document on a pro bono basis. Their contribution is extremely relevant to disseminating information on equality and anti-discrimination laws.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Belgium

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Public Services
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds

Date
30th Jul 1981

Summary
This is the full text (in French only) of the Law of 30 July 1981 to suppress certain acts inspired by racism or xenophobia (Loi tendant à réprimer certains actes inspirés par le racisme ou la xénophobie), enacted by Belgium. It was adopted on 30 July 1981 and has been in force since 18 August 1981.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Belgium

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Sanctions
Issues / Exceptions

Date
1st Oct 2005

Summary
This paper was published by ILGA-Europe to help identify which provisions of the Refugee Status Directive (Directive 2004/83/EC) are relevant to third-country LGBT nationals seeking asylum in the European Union. The paper first provides background and key points of the Directive, defining the terms “refugee” and “subsidiary protection,” and identifies the rights that people under these statuses are entitled to. Furthermore, the paper examines the application review process, discussing the sources of persecution and the evidence provided, and addresses the question of how to determine refugee and subsidiary protection statuses. Finally, the paper provides guidelines on how to successfully implement the Directive at the national level.

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / European Union

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sexual Orientation
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds

Date
6th Jul 2009

Summary
This is the article Advancing EU Anti-Discrimination Law: the European Commission's 2008 Proposal for a New Directive which was published in volume three of The Equal Rights Review.

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / European Union

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Disability
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Education
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Age
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sexual Orientation
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Housing
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Health
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Public Services
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Social Assistance

Date
10th Aug 2010

Summary
This is the article "The New Single Equality Act in Britain", authored by Bob Hepple, published in Volume 5 of The Equal Rights Review.

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Harassment
Issues / Concepts / The ideas of equality and non-discrimination
Issues / Reasonable Accommodation
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Age
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Disability
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Gender Identity
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Multiple Discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sexual Orientation
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Victimisation

Date
16th Feb 2010

Summary
This document outlines some laws relating to equality and anti-discrimination in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Bosnia and Herzegovina

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds

Date
7th Dec 1940

Summary
This is the full text, in Portuguese, of the Decreto-Lei No. 2,848/40 - Penal Code, enacted by the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil. It was adopted on 7 December 1940 and has been in force since 1 January 1942.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Brazil

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity

Date
1st Jan 1970

Summary
This is the full text, in Portuguese, of Decree-Law No. 5,452: Consolidation of Labor Laws (Decreto-Lei No. 5,452/43 - Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho), approved by the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil. It was adopted on 1 May 1943 and has been in force since 10 November 1943.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Brazil

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Age
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds

Date
16th Feb 2010

Summary
This document outlines (i) Brazilian anti-discrimination and equality laws with a focus on racial discrimination in employment, and (ii) the international and regional multilateral treaties and documents that were ratified by Brazil containing provisions that aim to protect the rights to equality and anti-discrimination, including in connection with employment.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Brazil

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
5th Jan 1989

Summary
This is the full text, in Portuguese, of Law (Lei) No. 7,716/89, enacted by the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil. It was adopted on 5 January 1989 and has been in force since this date.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Brazil

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System

Date
13th Apr 1995

Summary
This is the full text, in Portuguese, of the Law (Lei) No. 9,029/95, enacted by the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil. It was adopted on 13 April 1995 and has been in force since this date.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Brazil

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds

Date
7th Apr 1997

Summary
This is the full text, in Portuguese, of the Law (Lei) No. 9,455/97, enacted by the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil. It was adopted on 7 April 1997 and has been in force since this date.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Brazil

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion

Date
17th Oct 2009

Summary
This document outlines the steps to present a claim on racial discrimination in the field of employment in Brazil. It is divided in three parts. Part I covers both the national and the international legislation on the topic. Part II describes national and international procedures. Part III highlights the major judicial decisions on race discrimination in the field of employment. We are grateful to Covington & Burling LLP for preparing this document on a pro bono basis. Their contribution is extremely relevant to disseminating information on equality and anti-discrimination laws.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Brazil

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
5th May 2009

Summary
Under Article 2 of this convention, member states are required to "ensure the application to all workers of the principle of equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value."

Countries

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
1st Jan 1970

Summary
Article 1(1) defines discrimination to include "(a) any distinction, exclusion or preference made on the basis of race, colour, sex, religion, political opinion, national extraction or social origin, which has the effect of nullifying or impairing equality of opportunity or treatment in employment or occupation; (b) such other distinction, exclusion or preference which has the effect of nullifying or impairing equality of opportunity or treatment in employment or occupation as may be determined by the Member concerned after consultation with representative employers' and workers' organisations, where such exist, and with other appropriate bodies." Article 5 of the Convention lays down that special measures adopted to meet the specific requirements of individuals by reason of their "sex, age, disablement, family responsibilities or social or cultural status" shall not be deemed to be discrimination."

Countries

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds

Date
15th Jun 2000

Summary
Article 2(1) provides that this convention applies to all employed women, even those engaged in "atypical forms of dependent work." The Convention has specific provisions on health protection (Article 3), maternity leave (Article 4), leave due to illness or complications (Article 5) and breast feeding (Article 10). Under Article 8, it is unlawful for an employer to terminate the employment of a woman during pregnancy or during her absence on leave as specified under Article 5 or during a period upon her return to work, except on grounds unrelated to her pregnancy or childbirth or consequences following from it. It goes on to provide that the burden for proving that the reasons for termination are unrelated to pregnancy will rest with the employer. Subject to some conditions in Article 9(2), under Article 9(1), states are required to adopt measures to ensure that maternity does not lead to discrimination in employment and access to employment.

Countries

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
28th Mar 2008

Summary
"Slums, the Right to Adequate Housing and the Ban on Discrimination", is an Equal Rights Review (vol.1) article, written by Claude Cahn.

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / Slovakia

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Development and Equal Rights
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Housing
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity

Date
17th Dec 2009

Summary
On 8 December 2009 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) held that Spain had violated Article 14 (prohibition of discrimination) of the European Convention on Human Rights in conjunction with Article 1 of Protocol 1 to the Convention (right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions). The case of Muñoz Díaz v Spain (Application no. 49151/07) was lodged with the ECHR on 29 October 2007 following a series of appeals in the Spanish Courts over the applicant’s entitlement to a survivor’s pension under the General Social Security Act.

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / Spain

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Social Assistance
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards

Date
17th Dec 2002

Summary
This is the case summary of the French Court of Cassation decision in case No. 01-85.650.

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / France

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Instruction to discriminate
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Public Services
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
10th Dec 2002

Summary
This is the case summary of the French Court of Cassation decision in case No. 00-42.158.

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / France

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
18th Dec 2002

Summary
This is the case summary of the French Court of Cassation decision in case No. 01-00.519.

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / France

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Housing
Issues / Reasonable Accommodation
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination

Date
3rd Jun 1994

Summary
This is an ERT case summary of the High Court of Auckland, New Zealand's decision in the case of Coburn v. Human Rights Commission.

Countries
Geographical Location / M - R / New Zealand

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
6th Jul 2009

Summary
this is an interview article with Sandra Fredman and Margarita Ilieva entitled Combating Poverty through Equality Law - Possibilities and Pitfalls. It is published in volume three of The Equal Rights Review.

Countries

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Concepts / The ideas of equality and non-discrimination
Issues / Development and Equal Rights

Date
8th May 1999

Summary
This is the case summary of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights decision of Communication 212/98, Amnesty International v. Zambia.

Countries

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity

Date
8th May 2003

Summary
This is the case summary of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights decision in the case of Communication 227/99, Democratic Republic of Congo v. Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Geographical Location / A-D / Burundi
Geographical Location / M - R / Rwanda
Geographical Location / S - U / Uganda

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)

Date
12th May 2000

Summary
This communication expresses the support of the European Commission "for a United Nations (UN) legally binding instrument to protect and promote the rights and dignity of persons with disability". It notes that respect for equality and non-discrimination should be a cornerstone of such an instrument and goes on to observe that the focus on equality is fully in line with the EU's rights-based approach to disability. The communication proposes that the Commission prepare a recommendation to the Council in order to authorize the Commission to negotiate in the context of forthcoming sessions of the UN AdHoc Committee and to conduct these negotiations on behalf of the European Community. The communication refers to the discussions within the United Nations on the adoption of such an instrument and provides an overview of the rights-based approach to disability, both within the EU framework and internationally.

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / European Union

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Disability

Date
8th Nov 1999

Summary
This is the case summary of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights decision of Communications 48/90, 50/91, 89/93, Amnesty International and Others v. Sudan.

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / Sudan

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Harassment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
8th Dec 1996

Summary
This is the full text of the Constitution of Algeria. It was adopted on 8 December 1996 and was last amended on 15 November 2008.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Algeria

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds

Date
13th Sept 1996

Summary
This is the full text of the Constitution of Morocco. The most recent version was adopted on 13 September 1996.

Countries
Geographical Location / M - R / Morocco

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Public Services
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Education
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds

Date
5th Oct 1988

Summary
This is the full text, in Portuguese, of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of (Brazil Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil), enacted by the National Constituent Assembly. It was adopted on 5 October 1988 and has been in force since this date.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Brazil

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Age
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions

Date
20th Aug 2009

Summary
This is the full text of the Constitution enacted by Senegal. It was adopted on 22 January 2001.

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / Senegal

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Age
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Education
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards

Date
20th Dec 1996

Summary
Corrigendum to Council Directive 96/97/EC of 20 December 1996 amending Directive 86/378/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in occupational social security schemes.

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / European Union

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Gender Identity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Social Assistance

Date
27th Nov 2000

Summary
This directive prohibits employment discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation. Article 2 prohibits both direct and indirect discrimination and defines harassment as amounting to discrimination. Articles 4-6 provide for exceptions to the principle of equal treatment. Other key provisions of the directive include shifting of the burden of proof and the prohibition of victimisation. Article 15 acknowledges the particular situation obtaining in Northern Ireland and provides that steps taken to correct the imbalance in the number of teachers and police personnel from the underrepresented religious group will not constitute discrimination to the extent that it is expressly provided for in the national legislation.

Countries

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Age
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Disability
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sexual Orientation

Date
13th Dec 2004

Summary
This directive prohibits direct and indirect discrimination, harassment, sexual harassment and instructions to discriminate in the access to goods and services. Article 3(1) provides that the Directive is applicable to "persons who provide goods and services, which are available to the public irrespective of the person concerned as regards both the public and private sectors, including public bodies, and which are offered outside the area of private and family life and the transactions carried out in this context."

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / European Union

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
11th Dec 1986

Summary
This directive covers self-employed workers, including farmers and members of the liberal professions and their spouses who participate in the activities of the enterprise, by performing similar tasks or ancillary tasks. The Directive has several provisions to ensure equal treatment between self-employed male and female workers, to protect the rights of spouses of self-employed workers, where the spouses do not have professional status and to protect self-employed workers or wives of self-employed workers during pregnancy and motherhood.

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / European Union

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
15th Dec 1997

Summary
This directive applies to civil or administrative procedures on sex discrimination, brought under the situations covered by Article 119 of the Treaty and by Directives 75/117/EEC, 76/207/EEC and in respect of sex discrimination cases brought pursuant to Directives 92/85/EEC and 96/34/EC. Article 4 of this directive requires that where the Plaintiff has shown an arguable case of discrimination, the burden of proof shifts to the defendant, who has to demonstrate that there has been no discrimination. This directive does not apply to criminal cases.

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / European Union

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Evidence and Proof / Proving Direct Discrimination

Date
13th Jul 1998

Summary
Article 1 of this directive provides that EU Directive 97/80/EC on shifting the burden of proof in sex discrimination cases "shall apply to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland."

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / European Union

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Evidence and Proof / Proving Direct Discrimination

Date
18th Jul 2001

Summary
This recommendation calls upon states to combat racism in sport through legislation, education and institutional measures.

Countries

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
1st Feb 1995

Summary
This convention lays down the rights of people belonging to national minority groups, including freedom of expression, association, religion, and linguistic and cultural rights. Article 4 guarantees persons belonging to national minorities the right to equality and requires State parties to adopt measures to promote "in all areas of economic, social, political and cultural life, full and effective equality between persons belonging to a national minority and those belonging to the majority." Article 6 calls upon State parties to promote social harmony through intercultural dialogue and also requires them to take necessary steps "to protect persons who may be subject to threats or acts of discrimination, hostility or violence as a result of their ethnic, cultural, linguistic or religious identity."

Countries

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds

Date
14th Feb 2008

Summary
This is a case summary of the French Administrative Court of Appeal's decision in the case number 07NC00335.

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / France

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sexual Orientation
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Education

Date
19th Jul 2005

Summary
This is a case summary of the French Administrative Court of Appeal's decision in the case number 05PA01833.

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / France

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Education

Date
14th Nov 1989

Summary
This is a case summary of the French Court of Cassation's Criminal Chamber decision in the case number 88-81.817.

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / France

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
14th Oct 1986

Summary
This is a case summary of the French Court of Cassation's Criminal Chamber in the case number 85-96.369.

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / France

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)

Date
20th Jun 2006

Summary
This is a case summary of the French Court of Cassation's Criminal Chamber decision in the case of 05-85.888

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / France

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Disability
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Public Services

Date
17th Apr 2008

Summary
This is a case summary of the French Labour Chamber of the Court of Cassation's decision in the case number 06-45270.

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / France

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
13th Apr 2004

Summary
This is a case summary of the French Court of Appeal's decision in the case of 03/01408.

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / France

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Instruction to discriminate
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Public Services

Date
17th Aug 2005

Summary
This is a case summary of the Federal Magistrates Court of Australia's decision in the case of Dare v Hurley.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Australia

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
18th Dec 1992

Summary
This declaration requires states to protect the existence and identities of minorities. It also calls upon states to encourage the promotion of national or ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic identities. Under Article 2(1) of this declaration, minorities shall have the right to practice their religion, enjoy their culture and use their own language in both public and private settings without any kind of discrimination. Article 3 of this declaration guarantees persons belonging to minorities the right to exercise their rights individually and in community with others without discrimination. It was adopted by the General Assembly resolution 47/135 of 18 December 1992.

Countries

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds

Date
23rd Sept 2002

Summary
This directive amends Council Directive 76/207/EEC, introducing definitions for direct and indirect discrimination, harassment and sexual harassment, all of which are prohibited. It also specifies that instructions to discriminate amount to discrimination under the Directive. The Directive provides that "a woman on maternity leave shall be entitled, after the end of her period of maternity leave, to return to her job or to an equivalent post on terms and conditions which are no less favourable to her and to benefit from any improvement in working conditions to which she would be entitled." It also introduces Article 8a into Council Directive 76/207/EEC, which calls for the setting up of a national level body in member countries which will be charged with "promotion, analysis, monitoring and support of equal treatment of all persons without discrimination on the grounds of sex."

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / European Union

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
9th Apr 2008

Summary
On Thursday 3 April 2008, Ecuador became the twentieth country to ratify the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. This ratification means that the Convention along with its Optional Protocol, permitting individual communications to the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, will enter into force on 3 May 2008.

Countries

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Disability
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards

Date
15th Jul 2008

Summary
On 10 July 2008, the European Court of Justice handed down the judgment in the case of Centrum voor gelijkheid van kansen en voor racismebestrijding v. Firma Feryn NY (Case C-54/07). The judgment interprets the meaning of direct discrimination based on Article 2 (2) (a) of Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 relating to the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin.

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / European Union
Geographical Location / A-D / Belgium

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
6th Jul 2009

Summary
This is the Editorial of volume three of the Equal Rights Review.

Countries

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Education

Date
6th Nov 2009

Summary
This document outlines legislation in England that prohibits gender, race, disability and age discrimination in access to healthcare. We are grateful to Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP for preparing this document on a pro bono basis. Their contribution is extremely relevant to disseminating information on equality and anti-discrimination laws.

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Disability
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Age
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Health

Date
2nd Nov 2007

Summary
On 2nd November 2007 Amnesty International and The Equal Rights Trust called on the Slovenian government to withdraw the draft Constitutional Law, presented to parliament on 30 October, which is intended to resolve the status of the “erased” – people unlawfully removed from the registry of permanent residents in 1992.

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / Slovenia

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds

Date
10th Jul 2008

Summary
This is the ERT Case Summary for the European Court of Justice case of Centrum voor gelijkheid van kansen en voor racismebestrijding v. Firma Feryn NV (Case C- 54/07).

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Belgium
Geographical Location / E-H / European Union

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Evidence and Proof / Proving Direct Discrimination
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Sanctions

Date
13th Jun 2002

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the European Court of Human Rights decision of Anguelova v Bulgaria (Application no. 38361/97).

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Bulgaria

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Victimisation
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / NGOs Role

Date
20th Dec 2007

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Irish Equality Tribunal decision of A Complainant (Represented by Friend) v A Doctor (Represented by Mr Eamon Harrington, Comyn Kelleher Tobin Solicitors) (DEC-S2007-092).

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / Ireland

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Disability
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Public Services

Date
10th Apr 2006

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Irish Equality Tribunal decision of A Health Service Employee v The Health Service Executive (DEC-E2006-013).

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / Ireland

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Disability
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Evidence and Proof / Proving Direct Discrimination

Date
16th Jan 2001

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Irish Equality Tribunal decision of A Named Female Employee (claimant) v A Named Company (respondent) (DEC-E 2001/03).

Countries

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
26th Jul 1999

Summary
The is the ERT case summary of the UN Human Rights Committee decision of A. P. Johannes Vos v. The Netherlands, Communication No. 786/1997.

Countries
Geographical Location / M - R / The Netherlands

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Social Assistance

Date
10th Aug 1998

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination decision of A. Yilmaz - Dogan v The Netherlands, Communication No. 1/1984, U.N. Doc. CERD/C/36/D/1/1984 (1988).

Countries
Geographical Location / M - R / The Netherlands

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
14th Aug 2006

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women decision of A.S. v Hungary (Communication No. 4/2004).

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / Hungary

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Health
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity

Date
26th Jan 2005

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women decision of A.T. v Hungary (Communication No. 2/2003).

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / Hungary

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System
Issues / Positive Action
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)
Issues / Positive Obligations / National Action Plans

Date
25th Jul 1990

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Human Rights Committee decision of Aapo Järvinen v Finland, Communication No. 295/1988, UN Doc. CCPR/C/39/D/295/1988 (1990).

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / Finland

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards

Date
28th May 1985

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the European Court of Human Rights decision in the case of Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v UK (Application nos. 9214/80; 9473/81; 9474/81).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Evidence and Proof / Proving Direct Discrimination

Date
1st Aug 2006

Summary
This is the ERT case summary for the Jurisdiction: Equal Opportunities Division of the New South Wales Administrative Decisions Tribunal, Australia decision of Abdulrahman v Toll Pty Ltd trading as Toll Express ([2006] NSWADT 221).

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Australia

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Harassment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
29th Nov 2001

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Constitutional Court of Korea decision in the case of Act on the Immigration and Legal Status of Overseas Koreans Case (13-2 KCCR 714, 99Hun-Ma494).

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / Korea, Democratic People's Republic of

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
1st Jan 1996

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Nigerian Court of Appeal decision of Adamu v Attorney General of Borno State (Nigeria) 1996 8 NWLR 203.

Countries
Geographical Location / M - R / Nigeria

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Education
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds

Date
16th Apr 2002

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of The European Court of Human Rights decision of Ahmad Najaati Sadic v Denmark, Communication No. 25/2002, U.N. Doc. CERD/C/62/D/25/2002.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Denmark

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Harassment
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Victimisation
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)

Date
24th Feb 1997

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Indian Supreme Court decision in the case of Ahmedabad Women’s Action Group v. Union of India (AIR 1997, 3 SCC 573).

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / India

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Victimisation
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion

Date
20th Jun 2007

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the United Kingdom, Court of Appeal decision in the case of AI (Nigeria) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department (Case No: C5/2006/1080).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
11th Jul 2003

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Indian Supreme Court decision of Air India Cabin Crew Association v Yeshawinee Merchant and others Case no. Appeal (civil) 4570, 4581, 4584-92, 4571-78, 4579-80 and 4582-83.

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / India

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Age
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination

Date
6th Oct 2008

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Northern Ireland Industrial Tribunal decision in the case of Akhonzada v. Belfast Islamic Centre (Case Ref: 385/06).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Victimisation
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
18th Feb 2009

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the European Court of Human Rights case of Andrejeva v. Latvia (Application no. 55707/00). The case was handed down by the Grand Chamber of the Court and found a violation of article 14 in conjunction with article 1 of Protocol No. 1.

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / Latvia

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Social Assistance
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
2nd Feb 1989

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Canadian Supreme Court decision of Andrews v Law Society of British Columbia [1989] 1 S.C.R. 143.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Canada

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / The ideas of equality and non-discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)

Date
26th Oct 1999

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) decision of Angela Maria Sirdar v. The Army Board, Case C-273/97 [1999] ECR I-7403.

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / Germany

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Positive Obligations / Employer policies

Date
11th May 1999

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the European Court of Justice (ECJ), reference for a preliminary ruling from the Higher Regional Court in Austria of Angestelltenbetriebsrat der Wiener Gebietskrankenkasse v Wiener Gebietskrankenkasse C-309/97.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Austria

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Social equality and equal rights

Date
22nd Mar 2001

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the United Kingdom, House of Lords decision in the case of Anyanwu and another v. South Bank Student Union (Case No. [2001] UKHL 14).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)

Date
17th May 2007

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Indian Supreme Court decision in the case of Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India and Others etc. (Writ Petition (civil) 265 of 2006 with Writ Petitions (C) Nos. 269/2006, 598/2006, 29/2007, 35/2007 and 53/2007).

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / India

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity

Date
19th Nov 2004

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Canadian Supreme Court decision of Auton (guardian ad litem of) v British Colombia (Attorney General)[2004] 3 S.C.R. 657, 2004 S.C.C. 78.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Canada

Issues
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Evidence and Proof / Proving Direct Discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Disability
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Health
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Public Services

Date
20th Dec 2007

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the United Kingdom, Employment Appeal Tribunal decision in the case of Aviance UK Ltd. v. Garcia-Bello (Appeal No UKEAT/0044/07/DA).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
17th Mar 2000

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination decision of B. J. v Denmark, Communication No. 17/1999, U.N. Doc. CERD/C/56/D/17/1999 (2000).

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Denmark

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Instruction to discriminate
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)

Date
26th Feb 1962

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the United States Spureme Court decision of Bailey v Patterson 369 U.S. 31 (1962).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / USA

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Segregation
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)

Date
15th Jul 1994

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Human Rights Committee decision of Balaguer Santacana v. Spain, Communication No. 417/1990, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/51/D/417/1990 (1994).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / Spain

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
17th May 1990

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the European Court of Justice decision in the case of Barber v. Guardian Royal Exchange Assurance Group, Case 262/88.

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom
Geographical Location / E-H / European Union

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Age
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
10th Jan 1990

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the United Kingdom, Employment Appeal Tribunal decision in the case of Barclays Bank Plc v. James ([1990] ICR 333).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Concepts / The ideas of equality and non-discrimination

Date
10th Feb 2004

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of The European Court of Human Rights decision of BB v UK (Application no. 53760/00).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sexual Orientation
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System

Date
1st Jan 1970

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the European Court of Human Rights case, 'Belgium Linguistics' (Application no 1474/62; 1677/62; 1691/62; 1769/63; 1994/63; 2126/64)

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Belgium

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Education

Date
15th Oct 2004

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Constitutional Court of South Africa decision of Bhe and others v The Magistrate, Khayelitsha and others Case CCT 49/03; Shibi v Sithole and others Case CCT 69/03; South African Human Rights Commission and another v President of the Republic of South Africa and another Case CCT 50/03.

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / South Africa

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Gender Identity
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Concepts / The ideas of equality and non-discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination

Date
2nd Jul 2009

Summary
This is the ERT Case Summary of the constitutional court of the Republic of Slovenia's decision in Blazic and Kern v Slovenia U-I-425/06-10.

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / Slovenia

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sexual Orientation
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
24th Feb 1998

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of The European Court of Human Rights decision of Botta v Italy (Application no. 21439/93).

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / Italy

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Disability
Issues / Positive Action

Date
12th Jun 2001

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Canadian Federal Court decision in the case of British Columbia Native Women’s Society (BCNWS) and Jane Gottfriedson v. Her Majesty The Queen (T-2179-99); Pauktuutit, Inuit Women’s Association and Veronica Dewar v. Her Majesty The Queen (T-2175-99).

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Canada

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Education

Date
23rd Jan 2008

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the United Kingdom, Employment Appeal Tribunal decision in the case of British Gas Trading Limited v. Scott (Appeal No. UKEAT/0322/07/RN).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Disability
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
17th May 1954

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the United States Supreme Court decision of Brown v Board of Education 347 U.S. 483 (1954).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / USA

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Instruction to discriminate
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Segregation
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Education
Issues / Concepts / The ideas of equality and non-discrimination

Date
12th Mar 2002

Summary
This is the ERT case summary for the Jurisdiction: Equal Opportunities Division of the New South Wales Administrative Decisions Tribunal, Australia decision of Burns v Dye ([2002] NSWADT 32).

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Australia

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Harassment
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Victimisation
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sexual Orientation

Date
17th Sept 1979

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Indian Supreme Court decision in the case of C. B. Muthamma v. Union of India and others (AIR 1868).

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / India

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
30th Jan 2004

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Canadian Supreme Court decision of Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v Canada (Attorney General) [2004] 1 S.C.R. 76, 2004 S.C.C. 4.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Canada

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Age
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System

Date
11th Dec 1997

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Canadian federal Court decision in the case of Canadian Human Rights Commission (CHRC) v. Human Rights Tribunal (Roger Doyon, Andrée Marier and Jean-Noël Carpentier) and Employment and Immigration Commission, Department Of National Revenue (Taxation), Treasury Board, Public Service Alliance Of Canada, Jo-Ann Dumont-Ferlatte Et Al. and Suzanne Gauthier Et Al. (T-1802-96).

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Canada

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
14th Jul 1994

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the European Court of Justice (ECJ), reference for a preliminary ruling from the House of Lords (UK), decision of Carole Louise Webb v EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd., Case C-32/93 [1994] QB 718.

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)

Date
26th Jan 2005

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Supreme Court of Japan decision in the Case to seek declaration of eligibility to become a candidate for an examination for selecting management level employees (1998 (Gyo-Tsu) No. 93).

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / Japan

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
17th Mar 2006

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Supreme Court of Japan decision in the Case to seek declaration of status (2004 (Ju) No. 1968).

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / Japan

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
14th Jan 2004

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Supreme Court of Japan decision in the Case to seek for nullification of election (2003 (Gyo-Tsu) No. 24).

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / Japan

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
28th Sept 2007

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Supreme Court of Japan decision in the case of Case to seek rescission of the ruling of non-payment of disability basic pension (2005 (Gyo-Tsu) No. 246).

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / Japan

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
1st Apr 2004

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Human Rights Committee decision of Cecilia Derksen v. Netherlands, Communication No. 976/2001, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/80/D/976/2001 (2004).

Countries
Geographical Location / M - R / The Netherlands

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Social Assistance
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions

Date
11th Jul 2006

Summary
This is the ERT case summaary of the European Court of Justice decision in the case of Chacón Navas v. Eurest Colectividades SA, C-13/05.

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / European Union
Geographical Location / S - U / Spain

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Disability
Issues / Positive Obligations / Employer policies
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Health

Date
17th Feb 1998

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Constitutional Court of South Africa decision of City Council of Pretoria v Walker 1998 (3) BCLR 257 (CC).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / South Africa

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Public Services

Date
3rd Nov 1999

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Human Rights Committee decision of Communication No. 694/1996: Canada. 05/11/99. CCPR/C/67/D/694/1996. (Jurisprudence).

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Canada

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Education
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Evidence and Proof / Proving Direct Discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination

Date
25th Nov 1998

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Human Rights Committee decision of Cornelis Hoofdman v The Netherlands, Communication No. 602/1994, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/64/D/602/1994.

Countries
Geographical Location / M - R / The Netherlands

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Social Assistance
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Exceptions

Date
3rd Jun 1974

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the United States Supreme Court decision of Corning Glass Works v Brennan Secretary of Labor 417 U.S. 188 (1974).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / USA

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Positive Obligations / Employer policies
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
9th Aug 2007

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women decision of Cristina Munoz-Vargas y Sainz de Vicuna v Spain (Communication No. 7/2005).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / Spain

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)

Date
18th Dec 1899

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the United States Supreme Court decision of Cumming v Board of Education of Richmond County 175 U.S. 528 (1899).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / USA

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Segregation
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Education
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Public Services
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)

Date
17th Aug 1998

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Committee on the Elimination of racial Discrimination decision of D. S. v Sweden Communication No. 9/1997, U.N. Doc. CERD/C/53/D/9/1997 (1998).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / Sweden

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Positive Action
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)

Date
31st Mar 2010

Summary
On 31 March 2010, the Supreme Court of India, considering the cases of Dalco Engineering Private Ltd v. Shree Satish Prabhakar Padhye & Ors and Fancy Rehabilitation Trust & Anr v. Union of India & Ors, held that the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act 1995 was not applicable to private companies. The two cases were brought jointly before the Supreme Court and sought to challenge the same point of law. In Dalco Engineering Private Ltd v. Shree Satish Prabhakar Padhye & Ors, an employee who had worked for Dalco as a telephone operator for over twenty years was dismissed after developing a hearing impairment. In a previous ruling, the High Court had held that Dalco, though a private company, was an “establishment” under section 2(k) of the 1995 Act and had consequently acted unlawfully by dismissing S. S. P. Padhye. The High Court consequently ordered Dalco to re-instate the employee in an alternative position with the same benefits. In the second case, Fancy Rehabilitation Trust & Anr v. Union of India & Ors, Fancy Rehabilitation Trust, a public trust which employed several people with disabilities, had entered into house-keeping contract with a private company. The contract was terminated by the private company and the Trust filed a writ petition before the High Court for the quashing of the notice terminating the contract. The High Court held that the private company was not an “establishment” within the meaning of section 2(k) of the 1995 Act and dismissed the writ petition.

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / India

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Disability
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
5th Jul 1995

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Supreme Court of Japan decision in the case of the Decision on the share in the inheritance of an illegitimate child (1991(Ku) No.143).

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / Japan

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
15th Jun 1978

Summary
This is the ERT case summary in the European Court of Justice decision in the case of Defrenne v Sabena (No.3), C-149/77.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Belgium
Geographical Location / E-H / European Union

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Concepts / The ideas of equality and non-discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Age

Date
26th Apr 2005

Summary
This is the ERT case summary for the Jurisdiction: Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal, Australia, decision of Dek v PrixCar Services Pty Ltd (A60/2005).

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Australia

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Disability
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
21st Apr 2004

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Northern Ireland Fair Employment Tribunal decision of Desmond Martin v. Belfast Fireplaces Ltd. (Case ref: 224/01 FET).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Victimisation
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion

Date
30th Apr 1999

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Human Rights Committee decision of Dietmar Pauger v. Austria, Communication No. 716/1996, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/65/D/716/1996.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Austria

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Social Assistance

Date
6th Mar 2006

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination of Dragan Durmic v Serbia and Montenegro, Communication No. 29/2003, U.N. Doc. CERD/C/68/D/29/2003 (2006).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / Serbia

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / NGOs Role

Date
5th Mar 1856

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the United States Supreme Court decision of Dred Scott v John F. A. Sandford 60 U.S. 393 (1856).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / USA

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity

Date
21st Mar 2001

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination decision of E. I. F. v The Netherlands, Communication No. 15/1999, U.N. Doc. CERD/C/58/D/15/1999 (2001).

Countries
Geographical Location / M - R / The Netherlands

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Harassment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Education
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Public Services
Issues / Positive Action
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)

Date
22nd Jan 2008

Summary
ERT case summary of the European Court of Human Rights decision in E.B. v. France (application no. 43546/02).

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / France

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sexual Orientation
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Evidence and Proof / Proving Direct Discrimination
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Statistics on discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
8th Nov 1990

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the European Court of Justice (ECJ), reference for a preliminary questions from the Supreme Court of Netherlands, decision of Elisabeth Johanna Pacifica Dekker v Stichting Vormingscentrum voor Jong Volwassenen (VJV- Centrum) Plus, C-177/88 [1991] IRLR 27.

Countries
Geographical Location / M - R / The Netherlands

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
6th Oct 2008

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Northern Ireland Industrial Tribunal decision in the case of Elizabeth Hand v. Police Authority for Northern Ireland and the Criminal Records Office (Case ref: 1691/01).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Disability

Date
7th Mar 2005

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination decision of Emir Sefic v Denmark, Communication No. 32/2003, U.N. Doc. CERD/C/66/D/32/2003 (2005).

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Denmark

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)

Date
1st Aug 2001

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination decision of ERT Case Summary: D. S. v Sweden, Communication No. 14/1998, U.N. Doc. CERD/C/59/D/14/1998 (2001).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / Sweden

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
28th Jun 2002

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Northern Ireland Industrial Tribunal decision in the case of Frank Geary and Martin Dowling v. Queens University, Belfast (Case ref: 03674/99RR & 03675/99RR).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
21st Dec 2005

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the European Committee of Social Rights decision in the case of European Roma Rights Centre (ERRC) v. Italy (Complaint no. 27/2004).

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / Italy

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Housing
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Positive Action
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / NGOs Role
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Segregation

Date
18th Oct 2006

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the European Committee of Social Rights decision in the case of European Roma Rights Centre v Bulgaria (Complaint no. 31/2005).

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Bulgaria

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Housing
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / NGOs Role
Issues / Positive Action

Date
21st Mar 2001

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination decision of F. A. v Norway, Communication No. 18/2000, U.N. Doc. CERD/C/58/D/18/2000 (2001).

Countries
Geographical Location / M - R / Norway

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Housing
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)

Date
6th Aug 2007

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women decision of Fatma Yildirim (deceased) v Austria (Communication No. 6/2005.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Austria

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Health
Issues / Positive Obligations / National Action Plans
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)

Date
21st Nov 2001

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of The European Court of Human Rights decision of Fogarty v United Kingdom (Application no. 37112/97).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Harassment

Date
18th Mar 1991

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination decision of G.A.C. Enkelaar v France, Communication No. 2/1989, U.N. Doc. CERD/C/39/D/2/1989 (1991).

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / France

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)

Date
6th Dec 2007

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Indian Court of Appeal decision in the case of Garg and others v. Hotel Association of India & National Capital Territory of Delhi Appeal (civil) 5657 of 2007.

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / India

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Age
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
30th Jun 1998

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the European Court of Justice (ECJ), reference for a preliminary ruling from the UK House of Lords, decision of Georg Badeck and others, Case C-158/97 [2000] ECR I-1875.

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
19th Feb 2001

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the United Kingdom, Employment Appeal Tribunal decision in the case of Gibson v. British Gas Energy Centres Ltd (No. EAT/668/98).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sexual Orientation
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
16th Jul 2001

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Human Rights Committee, Seventy-second session decision of Gobin Vishwadeo v Mauritius, Communication no 787/1997, UN Doc. CCPR/C/72/D/787/1997 (2001).

Countries
Geographical Location / M - R / Mauritius

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)

Date
8th Mar 1971

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the United States Court of Appeal of the Fourt Circuit decision of Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424 (1971).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / USA

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Positive Obligations / Employer policies

Date
22nd Mar 2001

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the United Kingdom, House of Lords decision in the case of Hallam and another v. Cheltenham Borough Council and others (Case No. [2001] UKHL 15).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Public Services

Date
3rd Oct 1989

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the European Court of Justice (ECJ), reference for a preliminary ruling from the Danish Supreme Court, decision of Handels - og Kontorfunktionaerernes Forbund i Danmark, (on behalf of Birthe Vibeke Hertz ) v Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening, (on behalf of Aldi Marked K/S) C-179/88.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Denmark

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
4th May 2004

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Northern ireland Fair Employment Tribunal decision in the case of Hilary Doudican v. Lisnevin Juvenile Justice Centre (Case ref: 00086/00FET, 00350/00, 00103/00FET, 00354/00FET, 119/03FET, 602/03).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Victimisation
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
28th Sept 2000

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Constitutional Court of South Africa decision of Hoffmann v South African Airways 2000 (2) SA 628; 2001 (10) BHRC 571; (2000) 3 CHRLD 146.

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / South Africa

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Health
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / The ideas of equality and non-discrimination

Date
29th Mar 2006

Summary
This is the ERT case summary for the Jurisdiction: Anti-Discrimination Tribunal Queensland, Australia decision of Hopper and others v Virgin Blue Airlines Pty Ltd (2006 QADT 9).

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Australia

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Age
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / The ideas of equality and non-discrimination
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Statistics on discrimination

Date
27th Jul 2001

Summary
This is the ERT case summary for the Jurisdiction: Federal Magistrates Court of Australia, decision of Horman v Distribution Group Limited (2001 FMCA 52).

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Australia

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Harassment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
3rd Apr 1989

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Human Rights Committee, Thirty-Fifth session, decision of Ibrahima Gueye et al. v France, Communication No. 196/1985, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/35/D/196/1985 (1989).

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / France

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Concepts / The ideas of equality and non-discrimination
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Social Dialogue
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)

Date
7th Nov 2003

Summary
This is the ERT case summary in the European Committee of Social Rights decision in the case of International Association Autism-Europe (IAAE) v France (Complaint no. 13/2002).

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / France

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Disability
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Education
Issues / Positive Action

Date
3rd Nov 2004

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the European Committee of Social Rights decision of International Federation of Human Rights Leagues (FIDH) v France (Complaint no. 14/2003).

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / France

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Health
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
30th Mar 2004

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Human Rights Committee, eightieth session, decision of Isabel Hoyos Martínez de Irujo v Spain, Communication No. 1008/2001, U.N. Doc. CPR/C/80/D/1008/2001 (2004).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / Spain

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)

Date
31st Jul 1997

Summary
This is the ERT case summary for the Jurisdiction: High Court of Australia decision of IW v The City of Perth and others (1997 HCA 30).

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Australia

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Public Services
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Health
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Social Assistance
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Development and Equal Rights

Date
14th Jun 1990

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the United Kingdom's House of Lords decision of James v Eastleigh [1990] IRLR 288.

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Age
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Public Services
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
29th May 2002

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Northern Ireland Fair Employment Tribunal decision in the case of James Willis v. Police Authority for Northern Ireland and others (Case Ref: 00310/98 FET).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Victimisation
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion

Date
31st Mar 1981

Summary
This is the ERT Case Summary of the United Kingdom's Employment Appeal Tribunal decision of Jenkins v Kingsgate (Clothing Productions) Ltd (No 2) [1981] IRLR 388.

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Positive Obligations / Employer policies

Date
16th Jan 2002

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Northern Ireland Fair Employment Tribunal decision in the case of John Brannigan v. Belfast City Council (Case ref: 00040/98 FET).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Harassment
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Positive Action

Date
25th Mar 2003

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Human Rights Committee, Seventy-seven session, decision of John K. Love et al. v Australia, Communication No. 983/2001, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/77/D/983/2001 (2003).

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Australia

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Age
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
21st Jul 2003

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Indian Supreme Court decision in the case of John Vallamattom and another v. Union of India (Writ Petition (civil) 242 of 1997).

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / India

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion

Date
16th Nov 2005

Summary
This is the ERT case summary for the Jurisdiction: Equal Opportunities Division of the New South Wales Administrative Decisions Tribunal, Australia decision of Jordan v North Coast Area Health Service (No 2) [2005] NSWADT 258.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Australia

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Victimisation
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Positive Action

Date
6th Mar 2003

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the European Court of Justice decision in the case of Kaba v Secretary of State for the Home Department (No 2), C-466/00.

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / European Union
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Evidence and Proof / Proving Direct Discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
17th Oct 1995

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the European Court of Justice (ECJ), reference for a preliminary ruling from Germany, decision of Kalanke v Freie Hansestadt Bremen, Case C-450/93 [1995] IRLR 660.

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / Germany

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Positive Action

Date
23rd Oct 2002

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination decision of Kamal Quereshi v Denmark Communication No. 27/2002 U.N. Doc. CERD/C/63/D/27/2002 (2003).

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Denmark

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Harassment
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Incitement
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)

Date
13th Mar 2000

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination decision of Kashif Ahmad v Denmark, Communication No. 16/1999, U.N. Doc. CERD/C/56/D/16/1999 (2000).

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Denmark

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Harassment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Education
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)

Date
6th Jul 2000

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the European Court of Justice (ECJ), reference for a preliminary ruling from Sweden, decision of Katarina Abrahamsson and Leif Anderson v Elisabet Fogelqvist Case C-407/98.

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / Sweden

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Housing
Issues / Positive Action
Issues / Positive Obligations / Employer policies

Date
19th Jan 2007

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Irish Equality Tribunal decision of Kelly v Higgins (DEC-E2007-002).

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / Ireland

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
21st Nov 2005

Summary
This is the ERT case summary for the Jurisdiction: Equal Opportunities Division of the New South Wales Administrative Decisions Tribunal, Australia decision of King v John McMahon Stock & Realty Pty (2005 NSWADT 260).

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Australia

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Housing

Date
9th Sept 1999

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the European Court of Justice (ECJ), reference for a preliminary ruling from Germany, decision of Kruger v Kreiskrankenhaus Ebersberg, Case C-281/97 [1999] IRLR 808.

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / Germany

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
2nd Mar 2006

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Canadian Federal Court decision in the case of Kunlun Zhang v. the Attorney General of Canada (T-769-05).

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Canada

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System
Issues / Exceptions
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)

Date
23rd Mar 1993

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination decision of L. K. v The Netherlands, Communication No. 4/1991, U.N. Doc. A/48/18 at 131 (1993).

Countries
Geographical Location / M - R / The Netherlands

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Harassment
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Incitement
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Segregation
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Victimisation
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Housing
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)

Date
7th Mar 2005

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women decision L. R. et al. v Slovakia, Communication No. 31/2003, U.N. Doc. CERD/C/66/D/31/2003 (2005).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / Slovakia

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Victimisation
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Housing
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Public Services
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)

Date
23rd Oct 1992

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Human Rights Committee, Forty-sixth session, decision of Lahcen B. M. Oulajin and Mohamed Kaiss v Netherlands, Communication No. 426/1990, UN Doc. CCPR/C/46/D/426/1990 (1992).

Countries
Geographical Location / M - R / The Netherlands

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
15th Jul 1994

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Human Rights Committee decision of Lannooij Neefs v. The Netherlands, Communication No. 425/1990, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/51/D/425/1990 (1994).

Countries
Geographical Location / M - R / The Netherlands

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Social Assistance
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Housing
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards

Date
26th Nov 1997

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Constitutional Court of South Africa decision of Larbi-Odam and others v MEC for Education (North-West Province) and another 1996 (12) BCLR 1612 (B).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / South Africa

Issues
Issues / Concepts / The ideas of equality and non-discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Education
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds

Date
25th Mar 1999

Summary
This is the ERT case summary in the Canadian Supreme Court decision of Law v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) [1999] 1 S.C.R. 497.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Canada

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Age
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Social Assistance
Issues / Concepts / The ideas of equality and non-discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions

Date
26th Jun 2003

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the United States Supreme Court decision of Lawrence v Texas 539 U.S. 558 (2003).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / USA

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sexual Orientation
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System

Date
17th Feb 1998

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the European Court of Justice (ECJ), reference for a preliminary ruling from the Southampton Employmnent Tribuanl of the United Kingdom, of Lisa Jacqueline Grant v South-West Trains Ltd, Case C-249/96 [1998] ECR I-621.

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sexual Orientation
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
21st May 1998

Summary
This is the United Kingdom's Court of Appeal decision of London Underground Limited v Edwards (No 2) [1998] IRLR 364.

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Evidence and Proof / Proving Indirect Discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
12th Jun 1967

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the United States Supreme Court decision of Loving v Virginia 388 U.S. 1 (1967).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / USA

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
20th May 1999

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Canadian Supreme Court decision of M. v H. [1999] 2 S.C.R. 3.

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Canada

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sexual Orientation
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Evidence and Proof / Proving Direct Discrimination

Date
17th Apr 1996

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Indian Supreme Court decision in the case of Madhu Kishwar and others v. The State of Bihar and others (AIR 1996 5 SCC 125).

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / India

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Religion
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex

Date
24th Mar 1983

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the United Kingdom's House of Lords decision of Mandla (Sewa Singh) and another v Dowell Lee and others [1983] 2 AC 548.

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Education
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Good Practices
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Evidence and Proof / Proving Direct Discrimination

Date
15th Jul 2002

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Human Rights Committee decision of Manuel Wackenheim v France, Communication No 854/1999, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/75/D/854/1999 (2002).

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / France

Issues
Issues / Concepts / The ideas of equality and non-discrimination
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Disability
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Social equality and equal rights

Date
21st Apr 1998

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Northern Ireland fair Employment Tribunal decision in the case of Mark Robins v. Norfil Ltd. (Case ref: 03342/97D, 03343/97RR).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Harassment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
2nd May 1990

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Indian Supreme Court decision in the case of Marri Chandra Shekhar Rao v. Dean, Seth G.S. Medical College and others (SCR (2) 843).

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / India

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Education
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Environment
Issues / Positive Action

Date
11th Nov 1997

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the European Court of Justice (ECJ), reference for a preliminary ruling from Germany, decision of Marschall v Land Nordrhein- Westfalen, Case C-409/95 [1997] ECR I-6363.

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / Germany

Issues
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Housing
Issues / Positive Action
Issues / Positive Obligations / Employer policies

Date
18th Oct 2006

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Northern Irish Industrial Tribunal decision of Martin McDonagh and Patrick Stokes v Event 22 Ltd (Case Refs: 71/04, 72/04).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Sanctions

Date
30th Mar 2000

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the European Court of Justice (ECJ), reference for a preliminary ruling from State Constitutional Court of the Land of Hesse (Sweden), decision of Mary Brown v Rentokil Limited, C-394/96 [1998] IRLR 445.

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / Sweden

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)
Issues / Positive Obligations / Employer policies

Date
21st Apr 2005

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Northern Ireland Industrial Tribunal decision in the case of Mary O’Rawe v. Bar Council (Case Ref: 00361/00, 1459/02).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Indirect discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
24th Jun 2009

Summary
This is the ERT Case Summary of the UK Employment Appeals Tribunal decision in McAvoy and others v Borough Council, 24 June 2009

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
12th Dec 2002

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Irish Equality Tribunal decision of McGinn v Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul (DEC - E - 2002/054).

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / Ireland

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Victimisation

Date
22nd Dec 2004

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the European Court of Human Rights decision of Merger and Cross v France (Application no. 68864/01).

Countries
Geographical Location / E-H / France

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas

Date
30th Jan 2007

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Irish Equality Tribunal decision of Michael Corcoran, Tony Corcoran, Kathleen Ward, Martin Ward, Francie Stokes, Bridget Stokes (represented by Oliver Roche & Co., Solicitors) v The One Foot Inn, Burnfoot, Co. Donegal (DEC-S2007-004).

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / Ireland

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Public Services
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)

Date
11th May 2006

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the United Kingdom, Court of Appeal decision in the case of Miles v. Gilbank (Case No: A2/2005/2196).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / United Kingdom

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Victimisation
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Sanctions

Date
9th Aug 2001

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Committe on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination decision of Miroslav Lacko v Slovak, Republic, Petition No. 11/1998, U.N. Doc. CERD/C/59/D/11/1998 (2001).

Countries
Geographical Location / S - U / Slovakia

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Instruction to discriminate
Issues / International and Regional Standards / Regional Standards
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)

Date
30th Mar 1987

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Indian Supreme Court decision in the case of Miss Lena Khan v. Union of India and others (AIR 1515).

Countries
Geographical Location / I - L / India

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Concepts / Types of Discrimination / Direct discrimination
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Other Grounds
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Employment

Date
6th Mar 2006

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the UN Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination decision of Mohammed Hassan Gelle v Denmark, Communication No. 34/2004, U.N. Doc. CERD/C/68/D/34/2004 (2006).

Countries
Geographical Location / A-D / Denmark

Issues
Issues / Concepts / Legal definitions
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Citizenship (nationality)
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Race and Ethnicity
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Criminal Justice System
Issues / Remedies and Enforcement / Defence of Rights (Procedure)
Issues / Positive Obligations / Employer policies

Date
9th Dec 1999

Summary
This is the ERT case summary of the Nigerian Court of Appeal, Enugu Division, decision of Mojekwu & others v Ejikeme & others (2000) 5 NWLR 402.

Countries
Geographical Location / M - R / Nigeria

Issues
Issues / Concepts / The ideas of equality and non-discrimination
Issues / International and Regional Standards / International Standards
Issues / Discrimination Areas / Other Discrimination Areas
Issues / Discrimination Grounds / Sex